Current Situation: A Triple-Virus Epidemic 

      In spring and summer 2025, Taiwan encountered its seventh wave of COVID-19, driven by the Omicron NB.1.8.1 variant. This variant has three key traits:  

·         higher transmissibility (2–3 times faster than earlier strains),  

·         significant immune escape (mutations Q493E and A435S allow reinfection), and  

·         relatively low pathogenicity—though still risky for infants, immunocompromised individuals, and those with chronic illness. 

       Meanwhile, influenza activity surged, with outpatient visits exceeding 180,000 in a single week around Lunar New Year—mainly due to Influenza A H1N1, well-matched to this season's vaccine. Rhinoviruses and parainfluenza viruses also remained prevalent, forming a complex triple-virus landscape. 

COVID-19 Vaccine Strategy: Protecting High-Risk Groups 

Taiwan’s main vaccines include Moderna JN.1 (mRNA-based) and Novavax JN.1 (protein-subunit). Moderna JN.1 is recommended for those aged six months and older, with biannual boosters for high-risk groups. Novavax JN.1, launched in January 2025, suits individuals aged 12+ preferring non-mRNA options. 

      In June 2025, Taiwan’s CDC shortened the second dose interval to 60 days for those aged 65+, indigenous individuals aged 55–64, and immunocompromised patients. Global Virus Network data confirms both vaccines remain protective against NB.1.8.1, effectively reducing severe illness and death. Breakthrough infections may occur, but vaccines still significantly lower hospitalization and fatality rates. 

      Most side effects are mild—redness at the injection site, fever, fatigue. Rare allergic reactions require attention within 48 hours of vaccination. 

Influenza Vaccine: Annual Protection Matters 

       Influenza’s seasonality makes yearly vaccination vital. As of January 2025, flu shots are publicly funded for all aged six months and above. Early autumn vaccination is advised to ensure antibodies develop before peak season. 

This year’s vaccine aligns closely with circulating H1N1 strains, offering strong protection. High-risk individuals (young children, the elderly, those with chronic illnesses) should be prioritized. Healthy adults also benefit, reducing family and community spread. CDC data shows flu shots cut hospitalizations and severe outcomes by 40–60%, especially in those over 65. 

Distinguishing the Common Cold 

       Common colds, caused by rhinoviruses and parainfluenza, usually involve mild upper respiratory symptoms: nasal congestion, sore throat, low-grade fever. No vaccines exist; management relies on rest and supportive care. 

Seek medical attention if symptoms include persistent high fever, breathing difficulty, thick sputum, chest tightness, confusion, or lethargy—particularly in children. 

Clinically, COVID-19 causes sore throat, fatigue, and muscle pain; influenza brings high fever, headache, and body aches; colds feature nasal symptoms and sneezing. 

Rapid Testing and Diagnostics 

       Rapid tests are crucial for differentiating COVID-19 from influenza. Test promptly if symptoms arise. A positive result calls for isolation and mask-wearing for five days post-symptom resolution. Persistent symptoms despite a negative result warrant medical evaluation. 

Avoid expired test kits due to accuracy concerns. 

Physician Insights and Recommendations 

        Vaccine policies must adapt to evolving viruses and outbreaks. Infectious disease physicians stress regular boosters for high-risk individuals—semiannual COVID-19 doses and annual flu shots. Offering both mRNA and protein-based options increases acceptance.  

         Yet, vaccines alone aren’t enough. Masking, hand hygiene, and timely testing remain essential, especially during holidays and crowded events. Managing epidemics requires joint efforts from public and healthcare workers. Trust, science, and cooperation form the foundation for balancing public health and daily life amid multiple circulating viruses.